NSENTER(1)

NAME
nsenter - run program in different namespaces

SYNOPSIS

nsenter [options] [program [arguments]]

DESCRIPTION

The nsenter command executes program in the namespace(s) that are specified in the command-line options (described below). If program is not given, then "${SHELL}" is run (default: /bin/sh).

Enterable namespaces are:

mount namespace
    Mounting and unmounting filesystems will not affect the rest of the system, except for filesystems which are explicitly marked as shared (with mount --make-shared; see /proc/self/mountinfo for the shared flag). For further details, see mount_namespaces(7) and the discussion of the CLONE_NEWNS flag in clone(2).

UTS namespace
    Setting hostname or domainname will not affect the rest of the system. For further details, see uts_namespaces(7).

IPC namespace
    The process will have an independent namespace for POSIX message queues as well as System V message queues, semaphore sets and shared memory segments. For further details, see ipc_namespaces(7).

network namespace
    The process will have independent IPv4 and IPv6 stacks, IP routing tables, firewall rules, the /proc/net and /sys/class/net directory trees, sockets, etc. For further details, see network_namespaces(7).

PID namespace
    Children will have a set of PID to process mappings separate from the nsenter process. nsenter will fork by default if changing the PID namespace, so that the new program and its children share the same PID namespace and are visible to each other. If --no-fork is used, the new program will be exec’ed without forking. For further details, see pid_namespaces(7).

user namespace
    The process will have a distinct set of UIDs, GIDs and capabilities. For further details, see user_namespaces(7).

cgroup namespace
    The process will have a virtualized view of /proc/self/cgroup, and new cgroup mounts will be rooted at the namespace cgroup root. For further details, see cgroup_namespaces(7).

time namespace
    The process can have a distinct view of CLOCK_MONOTONIC and/or CLOCK_BOOTTIME which can be changed using /proc/self/timens_offsets. For further details, see time_namespaces(7).

OPTIONS

Various of the options below that relate to namespaces take an optional file argument. This should be one of the /proc/[pid]/ns/* files described in namespaces(7), or the pathname of a bind mount that was created on one of those files.

-a, --all
    Enter all namespaces of the target process by the default /proc/[pid]/ns/* namespace paths. The default paths to the target process namespaces may be overwritten by namespace specific options (e.g., --all --mount=[path]).

    The user namespace will be ignored if the same as the caller’s current user namespace. It prevents a caller that has dropped capabilities from regaining those capabilities via a call to setns(). See setns(2) for more details.

-t, --target PID
    Specify a target process to get contexts from. The paths to the contexts specified by pid are:

    /proc/pid/ns/mnt
        the mount namespace

    /proc/pid/ns/uts
        the UTS namespace

    /proc/pid/ns/ipc
        the IPC namespace

    /proc/pid/ns/net
        the network namespace

    /proc/pid/ns/pid
        the PID namespace

    /proc/pid/ns/user
        the user namespace

    /proc/pid/ns/cgroup
        the cgroup namespace

    /proc/pid/ns/time
        the time namespace

    /proc/pid/root
        the root directory

    /proc/pid/cwd
        the working directory respectively

-m, --mount[=file]
    Enter the mount namespace. If no file is specified, enter the mount namespace of the target process. If file is specified, enter the mount namespace specified by file.

-u, --uts[=file]
    Enter the UTS namespace. If no file is specified, enter the UTS namespace of the target process. If file is specified, enter the UTS namespace specified by file.

-i, --ipc[=file]
    Enter the IPC namespace. If no file is specified, enter the IPC namespace of the target process. If file is specified, enter the IPC namespace specified by file.

-n, --net[=file]
    Enter the network namespace. If no file is specified, enter the network namespace of the target process. If file is specified, enter the network namespace specified by file.

-N, --net-socket fd
    Enter the network namespace of the target process’s socket. It requires --target process specified. Supported since Linux 5.6.

-p, --pid[=file]
    Enter the PID namespace. If no file is specified, enter the PID namespace of the target process. If file is specified, enter the PID namespace specified by file.

-U, --user[=file]
    Enter the user namespace. If no file is specified, enter the user namespace of the target process. If file is specified, enter the user namespace specified by file. See also the --setuid and --setgid options.

--user-parent
    Enter the parent user namespace. Parent user namespace will be acquired from any other enabled namespace. If combined with --user option the parent user namespace will be fetched from the user namespace and replace it.

-C, --cgroup[=file]
    Enter the cgroup namespace. If no file is specified, enter the cgroup namespace of the target process. If file is specified, enter the cgroup namespace specified by file.

-T, --time[=file]
    Enter the time namespace. If no file is specified, enter the time namespace of the target process. If file is specified, enter the time namespace specified by file.

-G, --setgid gid
    Set the group ID which will be used in the entered namespace and drop supplementary groups. nsenter always sets GID for user namespaces, the default is 0. If the argument "follow" is specified the GID of the target process is used.

-S, --setuid uid
    Set the user ID which will be used in the entered namespace. nsenter always sets UID for user namespaces, the default is 0. If the argument "follow" is specified the UID of the target process is used.

--keep-caps
    When the --user option is given, ensure that capabilities granted in the user namespace are preserved in the child process.

--preserve-credentials
    Don’t modify UID and GID when enter user namespace. The default is to drops supplementary groups and sets GID and UID to 0.

-r, --root[=directory]
    Set the root directory. If no directory is specified, set the root directory to the root directory of the target process. If directory is specified, set the root directory to the specified directory. The specified directory is open before it switches to the requested namespaces.

-w, --wd[=directory]
    Set the working directory. If no directory is specified, set the working directory to the working directory of the target process. If directory is specified, set the working directory to the specified directory. The specified directory is open before it switches to the requested namespaces, it means the specified directory works as "tunnel" to the current namespace. See also --wdns.

-W, --wdns[=directory]
    Set the working directory. The directory is open after switch to the requested namespaces and after chroot(2) call. The options --wd and --wdns are mutually exclusive.

-e, --env
    Pass environment variables from the target process to the new process being created. If this option is not provided, the environment variables will remain the same as in the current namespace..

-F, --no-fork
    Do not fork before exec’ing the specified program. By default, when entering a PID namespace, nsenter calls fork before calling exec so that any children will also be in the newly entered PID namespace.

-Z, --follow-context
    Set the SELinux security context used for executing a new process according to already running process specified by --target PID. (The util-linux has to be compiled with SELinux support otherwise the option is unavailable.)

-c, --join-cgroup
    Add the initiated process to the cgroup of the target process.

-h, --help
    Display help text and exit.

-V, --version
    Display version and exit.

NOTES

The --user-parent option requires Linux 4.9 or higher, older kernels will raise inappropriate ioctl for device error.

AUTHORS

SEE ALSO

clone(2), setns(2), namespaces(7)

REPORTING BUGS

For bug reports, use the

AVAILABILITY

The nsenter command is part of the util-linux package which can be downloaded from