- NAME
- DESCRIPTION

- Intro
- Piddles
- Transformations
- Freeing
- Threading
- Accessing children and parents of a piddle

- AUTHOR

# NAME

PDL::Internals - description of the current internals

# DESCRIPTION

## Intro

This document explains various aspects of the current implementation of PDL. If you just want to use PDL for something, you definitely do not need to read this. Even if you want to interface your C routines to PDL or create new PDL::PP functions, you do not need to read this (though it may be informative). This document is primarily intended for people interested in debugging or changing the internals of PDL. To read this, a good understanding of the C language and programming and data structures in general is required, as well as some perl understanding. If you read through this document and understand all of it and are able to point what any part of this document refers to in the PDL core sources and additionally struggle to understand PDL::PP, you will be awarded the title ``PDL Guru'' (of course, the current version of this document is so incomplete that this is not yet the case).

Warning: If it seems that this document has gotten out of date, please inform the PerlDL developers email list (address in the README file) about it. This may well happen.

## Piddles

Currently, a pdl data object is a hash ref which contains the element PDL, which is a pointer to a pdl structure, as well as some other fields. The file `Core.pm` uses some of these fields and the file `pdlhash.c` converts these to C when necessary.

The pdl struct is defined in `pdl.h` and the meanings of the fields are

magicno
  A magic number, used to check whether something really is a piddle when debugging.

state
  Various flags about the state of the pdl, such as whether the parents of this pdl have been altered at some point.

trans
  Where this pdl was obtained from. This pointer may be null, in which case this pdl is not getting any dataflow from anywhere. Note, however that being non-null does not mean that data is flowing:

       $a = pdl 2,3,4;
       $b = pdl 4,5,6;
       $c = $a + $b;     # Note: no dataflow (not asked for)

  here, the trans field in `$c` contains a pointer to a transformation. Only when `$a` or `$b` is changed, is the transformation destroyed and the field cleared. To see whether data is flowing, check the flags field of the trans struct.

vafftrans
  This is intended for speeding up e.g. the chaining of affine transformations. See `pdlapi.c` for the code handling this. Also, `slices.pd` defines some things with / for this.

sv
  Pointer to the hash object. May be null if this pdl does not have a perl counterpart.

datasv, data
  The field datasv is a pointer to the perl SV containing the data string. These may be null before the pdl is finally physicalized.

nvals
  How many values there are in data

datatype
  The type of the data stored in the data vector.

dims, ndims
  The dimensions of this pdl. Remember to physicalize the pdl before using.

dimincs
  As an optimization, an increment for each dimension is stored here. These are required to correspond exactly to dims. If you want to optimize for affine transformations, use the trans or vtrans.

threadids, nthreadids
  This is where the threading tags are stored. The way this works is that ndims and dims hold all dimensions of the pdl, including threaded dimensions. The real dimensions of the pdl extend from 0 to `threadids[0]-1`, the thread dimensions with id 0 extend from `threadids[0]` to `threadids[1]-1` and the thread dimensions with the last id extend from `threadids[nthreadids-1]` to `threadids[nthreadids]-1`. For example, if a pdl has dimensions `(2,3,4,5)` (= 120 elements) and `nthreadids==2` and `threadids={1,3,4}`, there is one ``real'' dimensions with size 2, two dimensions with threadid 0 (3 and 4) and the dimensions with size 5 has threadid 1.

progenitor, future_me
  See the section on families below

children
  The children of this pdl i.e. where data is flowing to from this pdl.

living_for
  XXX Not quite clear right now. Has to do with families

def_*
  To avoid mallocs, there is a suitable amount of space already allocated for each pointer in this pdl, with the ideology that if you have more than six-dimensional data you must be willing to settle for a little more overhead.

magic
  If this pdl is magical (e.g. if it is bound to something), this pointer is non-null and you must call the appropriate magic-handling routines when using the pdl.

hdrsv
  A ``header'' SV * that can be set and accessed from outside. Can be used to include any perl object in a piddle.

## Transformations

Each transformation has a virtual table which contains various information about that transformation. Usually transformations are generated with PDL::PP so it's better to see that documentation.

## Freeing

Currently, not much is freed, especially when dataflow is done. This is bound to change pretty soon.

## Threading

The file `pdlthread.c` handles most of the threading matters. The threading is encapsulated in the structure `pdlthread.h`.

## Accessing children and parents of a piddle

The file Basic/Core/pdlapi.h.PL contains useful routines for manipulating the pdl structure (it's probably easier to read Basic/Core/pdlapi.h once you've performed a build of PDL).

An example of processing the children of a piddle is provided by the `baddata` method of PDL::Bad (only available if you have comiled PDL with the `WITH_BADVAL` option set to 1, but still useful as an example!).

Consider the following situation:

     perldl> $a = rvals(7,7,Centre=>[3,4]);
     perldl> $b = $a->slice('2:4,3:5');
     perldl> ? vars
     PDL variables in package main::

     Name         Type   Dimension       Flow  State          Mem
     ----------------------------------------------------------------
     $a           Double D [7,7]                P            0.38Kb
     $b           Double D [3,3]                VC           0.00Kb

Now, if I suddenly decide that `$a` should be flagged as possibly containing bad values, using

     perldl> $a->baddata(1)

then I want the state of `$b` - it's child - to be changed as well, so that I get a 'B' in the State field:

     perldl> ? vars
     PDL variables in package main::

     Name         Type   Dimension       Flow  State          Mem
     ----------------------------------------------------------------
     $a           Double D [7,7]                PB           0.38Kb
     $b           Double D [3,3]                VCB          0.00Kb

This bit of magic is performed by the `propogate_badflag` function, which is listed below:

     /* newval = 1 means set flag, 0 means clear it */
     /* thanks to Christian Soeller for this */

     void propogate_badflag( pdl *it, int newval ) {
        PDL_DECL_CHILDLOOP(it)
        PDL_START_CHILDLOOP(it)
        {
            pdl_trans *trans = PDL_CHILDLOOP_THISCHILD(it);
            int i;
            for( i = trans->vtable->nparents;
                 i < trans->vtable->npdls;
                 i++ ) {
                pdl *child = trans->pdls[i];

                if ( newval ) child->state |=  PDL_BADVAL;
                else          child->state &= ~PDL_BADVAL;

                /* make sure we propogate to grandchildren, etc */
                propogate_badflag( child, newval );

            } /* for: i */
        }
        PDL_END_CHILDLOOP(it)
     } /* propogate_badflag */

Given a piddle (`pdl *it`), the routine loops through each `pdl_trans` structure, where access to this structure is provided by the `PDL_CHILDLOOP_THISCHILD` macro. The children of the piddle are stored in the `pdls` array, after the parents, hence the loop from `i = ...nparents` to `i = ...nparents - 1`. Once we have the pointer to the child piddle, we can do what we want to it; here we change the value of the `state` variable, but the details are unimportant). What is important is that we call `propogate_badflag` on this piddle, to ensure we loop through its children. This recursion ensures we get to all the offspring of a particular piddle.

THE FOLLOWING NEEDS TO BE CHECKED.

Access to parents is similar, with the `for` loop replaced by:

            for( i = 0;
                 i < trans->vtable->nparents;
                 i++ ) {

# AUTHOR

`Copyright(C)` 1997 Tuomas J. Lukka (lukka@fas.harvard.edu), 2000 Doug Burke (burke@ifa.hawaii.edu)

Redistribution in the same form is allowed but reprinting requires a permission from the author.