## USR_40

    *usr_40.txt*	For Vim version 6.1.  Last change: 2001 Sep 03

    		     VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar

    			      Make new commands

    Vim is an extensible editor.  You can take a sequence of commands you use
    often and turn it into a new command.  Or redefine an existing command.
    Autocommands make it possible to execute commands automatically.

    |40.1|	Key mapping
    |40.2|	Defining command-line commands
    |40.3|	Autocommands

         Next chapter: |usr_41|  Write a Vim script
     Previous chapter: |usr_31|  Exploiting the GUI
    Table of contents: |usr_toc|

    *40.1*	Key mapping

    A simple mapping was explained in section |05.3|.  The principle is that one
    sequence of key strokes is translated into another sequence of key strokes.
    This is a simple, yet powerful mechanism.
       The simplest form is that one key is mapped to a sequence of keys.  Since
    the function keys, except <F1>, have no predefined meaning in Vim, these are a
    good choice to map.  Example:

    	:map <F2> GoDate: <Esc>:read !date<CR>kJ

    This shows how three modes are used.  After going to the last line with "G",
    the "o" command opens a new line and starts Insert mode.  The text "Date: " is
    inserted and <Esc> takes you out of insert mode.
       Notice the use of special keys inside <>.  This is called angle bracket
    notation.  You type these as separate characters, not by pressing the key
    itself.  This makes the mappings better readable and you can copy and paste
    the text without problems.
       The ":" character takes Vim to the command line.  The ":read !date" command
    reads the output from the "date" command and appends it below the current
    line.  The <CR> is required to execute the ":read" command.
       At this point of execution the text looks like this:

    	Date:
    	Fri Jun 15 12:54:34 CEST 2001

    Now "kJ" moves the cursor up and joins the lines together.
       To decide which key or keys you use for mapping, see |map-which-keys|.

    MAPPING AND MODES

    The ":map" command defines remapping for keys in Normal mode.  You can also
    define mappings for other modes.  For example, ":imap" applies to Insert mode.
    You can use it to insert a date below the cursor:

    	:imap <F2> <CR>Date: <Esc>:read !date<CR>kJ

    It looks a lot like the mapping for <F2> in Normal mode, only the start is
    different.  The <F2> mapping for Normal mode is still there.  Thus you can map
    the same key differently for each mode.
       Notice that, although this mapping starts in Insert mode, it ends in Normal
    mode.  If you want it to continue in Insert mode, append a "a" to the mapping.

    Here is an overview of map commands and in which mode they work:

    	:map		Normal, Visual and Operator-pending
    	:vmap		Visual
    	:nmap		Normal
    	:omap		Operator-pending
    	:map!		Insert and Command-line
    	:imap		Insert
    	:cmap		Command-line

    Operator-pending mode is when you typed an operator character, such as "d" or
    "y", and you are expected to type the motion command or a text object.  Thus
    when you type "dw", the "w" is entered in operator-pending mode.

    Suppose that you want to define <F7> so that the command d<F7> deletes a C
    program block (text enclosed in curly braces, {}).  Similarly y<F7> would yank
    the program block into the unnamed register.  Therefore, what you need to do
    is to define <F7> to select the current program block.  You can do this with
    the following command:

    	:omap <F7> a{

    This causes <F7> to perform a select block "a{" in operator-pending mode, just
    like you typed it.  This mapping is useful if typing a { on your keyboard is a
    bit difficult.

    LISTING MAPPINGS

    To see the currently defined mappings, use ":map" without arguments.  Or one
    of the variants that include the mode in which they work.  The output could
    look like this:

    	   _g		 :call MyGrep(1)<CR>
    	v  <F2>		 :s/^/> /<CR>:noh<CR>``
    	n  <F2>		 :.,$s/^/> /<CR>:noh<CR>``
    	   <xHome>	 <Home>
    	   <xEnd>	 <End>

    The first column of the list shows in which mode the mapping is effective.
    This is "n" for Normal mode, "i" for Insert mode, etc.  A blank is used for a
    mapping defined with ":map", thus effective in both Normal and Visual mode.
       One useful purpose of listing the mapping is to check if special keys in <>
    form have been recognized (this only works when color is supported).  For
    example, when <Esc> is displayed in color, it stands for the escape character.
    When it has the same color as the other text, it is five characters.

    REMAPPING

    The result of a mapping is inspected for other mappings in it.  For example,
    the mappings for <F2> above could be shortened to:

    	:map <F2> G<F3>
    	:imap <F2> <Esc><F3>
    	:map <F3>  oDate: <Esc>:read !date<CR>kJ

    For Normal mode <F2> is mapped to go to the last line, and then behave like
    <F3> was pressed.  In Insert mode <F2> stops Insert mode with <Esc> and then
    also uses <F3>.  Then <F3> is mapped to do the actual work.

    Suppose you hardly ever use Ex mode, and want to use the "Q" command to format
    text (this was so in old versions of Vim).  This mapping will do it:

    	:map Q gq

    But, in rare cases you need to use Ex mode anyway.  Let's map "gQ" to Q, so
    that you can still go to Ex mode:

    	:map gQ Q

    What happens now is that when you type "gQ" it is mapped to "Q".  So far so
    good.  But then "Q" is mapped to "gq", thus typing "gQ" results in "gq", and
    you don't get to Ex mode at all.
       To avoid keys to be mapped again, use the ":noremap" command:

    	:noremap gQ Q

    Now Vim knows that the "Q" is not to be inspected for mappings that apply to
    it.  There is a similar command for every mode:

    	:noremap	Normal, Visual and Operator-pending
    	:vnoremap	Visual
    	:nnoremap	Normal
    	:onoremap	Operator-pending
    	:noremap!	Insert and Command-line
    	:inoremap	Insert
    	:cnoremap	Command-line

    RECURSIVE MAPPING

    When a mapping triggers itself, it will run forever.  This can be used to
    repeat an action an unlimited number of times.
       For example, you have a list of files that contain a version number in the
    first line.  You edit these files with "vim *.txt".  You are now editing the
    first file.  Define this mapping:

    	:map ,, :s/5.1/5.2/<CR>:wnext<CR>,,

    Now you type ",,".  This triggers the mapping.  It replaces "5.1" with "5.2"
    in the first line.  Then it does a ":wnext" to write the file and edit the
    next one.  The mapping ends in ",,".  This triggers the same mapping again,
    thus doing the substitution, etc.
       This continues until there is an error.  In this case it could be a file
    where the substitute command doesn't find a match for "5.1".  You can then
    make a change to insert "5.1" and continue by typing ",," again.  Or the
    ":wnext" fails, because you are in the last file in the list.
       When a mapping runs into an error halfway, the rest of the mapping is
    discarded.  CTRL-C interrupts the mapping (CTRL-Break on MS-Windows).

    DELETE A MAPPING

    To remove a mapping use the ":unmap" command.  Again, the mode the unmapping
    applies to depends on the command used:

    	:unmap		Normal, Visual and Operator-pending
    	:vunmap		Visual
    	:nunmap		Normal
    	:ounmap		Operator-pending
    	:unmap!		Insert and Command-line
    	:iunmap		Insert
    	:cunmap		Command-line

    There is a trick to define a mapping that works in Normal and Operator-pending
    mode, but not in Visual mode.  First define it for all three modes, then
    delete it for Visual mode:

    	:map <C-A> /---><CR>
    	:vunmap <C-A>

    Notice that the five characters "<C-A>" stand for the single key CTRL-A.

    To remove all mappings use the |:mapclear| command.  You can guess the
    variations for different modes by now.  Be careful with this command, it can't
    be undone.

    SPECIAL CHARACTERS

    The ":map" command can be followed by another command.  A | character
    separates the two commands.  This also means that a | character can't be used
    inside a map command.  To include one, use <Bar> (five characters).  Example:

    	:map <F8> :write <Bar> !checkin %<CR>

    The same problem applies to the ":unmap" command, with the addition that you
    have to watch out for trailing white space.  These two commands are different:

    	:unmap a | unmap b
    	:unmap a| unmap b

    The first command tries to unmap "a ", with a trailing space.

    When using a space inside a mapping, use <Space> (seven characters):

    	:map <Space> W

    This makes the spacebar move a blank-separated word forward.

    It is not possible to put a comment after a mapping, because the " character
    is considered to be part of the mapping.

    MAPPINGS AND ABBREVIATIONS

    Abbreviations are a lot like Insert mode mappings.  The arguments are handled
    in the same way.  The main difference is the way they are triggered.  An
    abbreviation is triggered by typing a non-word character after the word.  A
    mapping is triggered when typing the last character.
       Another difference is that the characters you type for an abbreviation are
    inserted in the text while you type them.  When the abbreviation is triggered
    these characters are deleted and replaced by what the abbreviation produces.
    When typing the characters for a mapping, nothing is inserted until you type
    the last character that triggers it.  If the 'showcmd' option is set, the
    typed characters are displayed in the last line of the Vim window.
       An exception is when a mapping is ambiguous.  Suppose you have done two
    mappings:

    	:imap aa foo
    	:imap aaa bar

    Now, when you type "aa", Vim doesn't know if it should apply the first or the
    second mapping.  It waits for another character to be typed.  If it is an "a",
    the second mapping is applied and results in "bar".  If it is a space, for
    example, the first mapping is applied, resulting in "foo", and then the space
    is inserted.

    ADDITIONALLY...

    The <script> keyword can be used to make a mapping local to a script.  See
    |:map-<script>|.

    The <buffer> keyword can be used to make a mapping local to a specific buffer.
    See |:map-<buffer>|

    The <unique> keyword can be used to make defining a new mapping fail when it
    already exists.  Otherwise a new mapping simply overwrites the old one.  See
    |:map-<unique>|.

    To make a key do nothing, map it to <Nop> (five characters).  This will make
    the <F7> key do nothing at all:

    	:map <F7> <Nop>| map! <F7> <Nop>

    There must be no space after <Nop>.

    *40.2*	Defining command-line commands

    The Vim editor enables you to define your own commands.  You execute these
    commands just like any other Command-line mode command.
       To define a command, use the ":command" command, as follows:

    	:command DeleteFirst 1delete

    Now when you execute the command ":DeleteFirst" Vim excutes ":1delete", which
    deletes the first line.

    	Note:
    	User-defined commands must start with a capital letter.  You cannot
    	use ":X", ":Next" and ":Print".  The underscore cannot be used!  You
    	can use digits, but this is discouraged.

    To list the user-defined commands, execute the following command:

    	:command

    Just like with the builtin commands, the user defined commands can be
    abbreviated.  You need to type just enough to distinguish the command from
    another.  Command line completion can be used to get the full name.

    NUMBER OF ARGUMENTS

    User-defined commands can take a series of arguments.  The number of arguments
    must be specified by the -nargs option.  For instance, the example
    :DeleteFirst command takes no arguments, so you could have defined it as
    follows:

    	:command -nargs=0 DeleteFirst 1delete

    However, because zero arguments is the default, you do not need to add
    "-nargs=0".  The other values of -nargs are as follows:

    	-nargs=0	No arguments
    	-nargs=1	One argument
    	-nargs=*	Any number of arguments
    	-nargs=?	Zero or one argument
    	-nargs=+	One or more arguments

    USING THE ARGUMENTS

    Inside the command definition, the arguments are represented by the
    <args> keyword.  For example:

    	:command -nargs=+ Say :echo "<args>"

    Now when you type

    	:Say Hello World

    Vim echoes "Hello World".  However, if you add a double quote, it won't work.
    For example:

    	:Say he said "hello"

    To get special characters turned into a string, properly escaped to use as an
    expression, use "<q-args>":

    	:command -nargs=+ Say :echo <q-args>

    Now the above ":Say" command will result in this to be executed:

    	:echo "he said \"hello\""

    The <f-args> keyword contains the same information as the <args> keyword,
    except in a format suitable for use as function call arguments.  For example:

    	:command -nargs=* DoIt :call AFunction(<f-args>)
    	:DoIt a b c

    Execute the following command:

    	:call AFunction("a", "b", "c")

    LINE RANGE

    Some commands take a range as their argument.  To tell Vim that you are
    defining such a command, you need to specify a -range option.  The values for
    this option are as follows:

    	-range		Range is allowed; default is the current line.
    	-range=%	Range is allowed; default is the whole file.
    	-range={count}	Range is allowed; the last number in it is used as a
    			single number whose default is {count}.

    When a range is specified, the keywords <line1> and <line2> get the values of
    the first and last line in the range.  For example, the following command
    defines the SaveIt command, which writes out the specified range to the file
    "save_file":

    	:command -range=% SaveIt :<line1>,<line2>write! save_file

    OTHER OPTIONS

    Some of the other options and keywords are as follows:

    	-count={number}		The command can take a count whose default is
    				{number}.  The resulting count can be used
    				through the <count> keyword.
    	-bang			You can use a !. If present, using <bang> will
    				result in a !.
    	-register		You can specify a register. (The default is
    				the unnamed register.)
    				The register specification is available as
    				<reg> (a.k.a. <register>).
    	-complete={type}	Type of command-line completion used.  See
    				|:command-completion| for the list of possible
    				values.
    	-bar			The command can be followed by | and another
    				command, or " and a comment.
    	-buffer			The command is only available for the current
    				buffer.

    Finally, you have the <lt> keyword.  It stands for the character <.  Use this
    to escape the special meaning of the <> items mentioned.

    REDEFINING AND DELETING

    To redefine the same command use the ! argument:

    	:command -nargs=+ Say :echo "<args>"
    	:command! -nargs=+ Say :echo <q-args>

    To delete a user command use ":delcommand".  It takes a single argument, which
    is the name of the command.  Example:

    	:delcommand SaveIt

    To delete all the user commands:

    	:comclear

    Careful, this can't be undone!

    More details about all this in the reference manual: |user-commands|.

    *40.3*	Autocommands

    An autocommand is a command that is executed automatically in response to some
    event, such as a file being read or written or a buffer change. Through the
    use of autocommands you can train Vim to edit compressed files, for example.
    That is used in the |gzip| plugin.
       Autocommands are very powerful.  Use them with care and they will help you
    avoid typing many commands.  Use them carelessly and they will cause a lot of
    trouble.

    Suppose you want to replace a date stamp on the end of a file every time it is
    written.  First you define a function:

    	:function DateInsert()
    	:  $delete
    	:  read !date
    	:endfunction

    You want this function to be called each time, just before a file is written.
    This will make that happen:

    	:autocmd FileWritePre *  call DateInsert()

    "FileWritePre" is the event for which this autocommand is triggered: Just
    before (pre) writing a file.  The "*" is a pattern to match with the file
    name.  In this case it matches all files.
       With this command enabled, when you do a ":write", Vim checks for any
    matching FileWritePre autocommands and executes them, and then it
    performs the ":write".
       The general form of the :autocmd command is as follows:

    	:autocmd [group] {events} {file_pattern} [nested] {command}

    The [group] name is optional.  It is used in managing and calling the commands
    (more on this later).  The {events} parameter is a list of events (comma
    separated) that trigger the command.
       {file_pattern} is a filename, usually with wildcards.  For example, using
    "*.txt" makes the autocommand be used for all files whose name end in ".txt".
    The optional [nested] flag allows for nesting of autocommands (see below), and
    finally, {command} is the command to be executed.

    EVENTS

    One of the most useful events is BufReadPost.  It is triggered after a new
    file is being edited.  It is commonly used to set option values.  For example,
    you know that "*.gsm" files are GNU assembly language.  To get the syntax file
    right, define this autocommand:

    	:autocmd BufReadPost *.gsm  set filetype=asm

    If Vim is able to detect the type of file, it will set the 'filetype' option
    for you.  This triggers the Filetype event.  Use this to do something when a
    certain type of file is edited.  For example, to load a list of abbreviations
    for text files:

    	:autocmd Filetype text  source ~/.vim/abbrevs.vim

    When starting to edit a new file, you could make Vim insert a skeleton:

    	:autocmd BufNewFile *.[ch]  0read ~/skeletons/skel.c

    See |autocmd-events| for a complete list of events.

    PATTERNS

    The {file_pattern} argument can actually be a comma-separated list of file
    patterns.  For example: "*.c,*.h" matches files ending in ".c" and ".h".
       The usual file wildcards can be used.  Here is a summary of the most often
    used ones:

    	*		Match any character any number of times
    	?		Match any character once
    	[abc]		Match the character a, b or c
    	.		Matches a dot
    	a{b,c}		Matches "ab" and "ac"

    When the pattern includes a slash (/) Vim will compare directory names.
    Without the slash only the last part of a file name is used.  For example,
    "*.txt" matches "/home/biep/readme.txt".  The pattern "/home/biep/*" would
    also match it.  But "home/foo/*.txt" wouldn't.
       When including a slash, Vim matches the pattern against both the full path
    of the file ("/home/biep/readme.txt") and the relative path (e.g.,
    "biep/readme.txt").

    	Note:
    	When working on a system that uses a backslash as file separater, such
    	as MS-Windows, you still use forward slashes in autocommands.  This
    	makes it easier to write the pattern, since a backslash has a special
    	meaning.  It also makes the autocommands portable.

    DELETING

    To delete an autocommand, use the same command as what it was defined with,
    but leave out the {command} at the end and use a !.  Example:

    	:autocmd! FileWritePre *

    This will delete all autocommands for the "FileWritePre" event that use the
    "*" pattern.

    LISTING

    To list all the currently defined autocommands, use this:

    	:autocmd

    The list can be very long, especially when filetype detection is used.  To
    list only part of the commands, specify the group, event and/or pattern.  For
    example, to list all BufNewFile autocommands:

    	:autocmd BufNewFile

    To list all autocommands for the pattern "*.c":

    	:autocmd * *.c

    Using "*" for the event will list all the events.  To list all autocommands
    for the cprograms group:

    	:autocmd cprograms

    GROUPS

    The {group} item, used when defining an autocommand, groups related autocommands
    together.  This can be used to delete all the autocommands in a certain group,
    for example.
       When defining several autocommands for a certain group, use the ":augroup"
    command.  For example, let's define autocommands for C programs:

    	:augroup cprograms
    	:  autocmd BufReadPost *.c,*.h :set sw=4 sts=4
    	:  autocmd BufReadPost *.cpp   :set sw=3 sts=3
    	:augroup END

    This will do the same as:

    	:autocmd cprograms BufReadPost *.c,*.h :set sw=4 sts=4
    	:autocmd cprograms BufReadPost *.cpp   :set sw=3 sts=3

    To delete all autocommands in the "cprograms" group:

    	:autocmd! cprograms

    NESTING

    Generally, commands executed as the result of an autocommand event will not
    trigger any new events.  If you read a file in response to a FileChangedShell
    event, it will not trigger the autocommands that would set the syntax, for
    example.  To make the events triggered, add the "nested" argument:

    	:autocmd FileChangedShell * nested  edit

    EXECUTING AUTOCOMMANDS

    It is possible to trigger an autocommand by pretending an event has occurred.
    This is useful to have one autocommand trigger another one.  Example:

    	:autocmd BufReadPost *.new  execute "doautocmd BufReadPost " . expand("<afile>:r")

    This defines an autocommand that is triggered when a new file has been edited.
    The file name must end in ".new".  The ":execute" command uses expression
    evaluation to form a new command and execute it.  When editing the file
    "tryout.c.new" the executed command will be:

    	:doautocmd BufReadPost tryout.c

    The expand() function takes the "<afile>" argument, which stands for the file
    name the autocommand was executed for, and takes the root of the file name
    with ":r".

    ":doautocmd" executes on the current buffer.  The ":doautoall" command works
    like "doautocmd" except it executes on all the buffers.

    USING NORMAL MODE COMMANDS

    The commands executed by an autocommand are Command-line command.  If you want
    to use a Normal mode command, the ":normal" command can be used.  Example:

    	:autocmd BufReadPost *.log normal G

    This will make the cursor jump to the last line of *.log files when you start
    to edit it.
       Using the ":normal" command is a bit tricky.  First of all, make sure its
    argument is a complete command, including all the arguments.  When you use "i"
    to go to Insert mode, there must also be a <Esc> to leave Insert mode again.
    If you use a "/" to start a search pattern, there must be a <CR> to execute
    it.
       The ":normal" command uses all the text after it as commands.  Thus there
    can be no | and another command following.  To work around this, put the
    ":normal" command inside an ":execute" command.  This also makes it possible
    to pass unprintable characters in a convenient way.  Example:

    	:autocmd BufReadPost *.chg execute "normal ONew entry:\<Esc>" |
    		\ 1read !date

    This also shows the use of a backslash to break a long command into more
    lines.  This can be used in Vim scripts (not at the command line).

    When you want the autocommand do something complicated, which involves jumping
    around in the file and then returning to the original position, you may want
    to restore the view on the file.  See |restore-position| for an example.

    IGNORING EVENTS

    At times, you will not want to trigger an autocommand.  The 'eventignore'
    option contains a list of events that will be totally ignored.  For example,
    the following causes events for entering and leaving a window to be ignored:

    	:set eventignore=WinEnter,WinLeave

    To ignore all events, use the following command:

    	:set eventignore=all

    To set it back to the normal behavior, make 'eventignore' empty:

    	:set eventignore=

    Next chapter: |usr_41|  Write a Vim script

    Copyright: see |manual-copyright|  vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:

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